Emile Durkheim On Suicide Summary - 1081 Words

Emile Durkheim states in his book, â€Å"On Suicide: A Study in Sociology,† â€Å"Social man†¦is the masterpiece of existence.† This statement stands out to me because the types of suicide Emile talks about is how man and the social world interact. Emile contributed many things for sociology and one of those things would be, â€Å"developing a new methodology, which focusses on what he calls â€Å"social facts†, or elements of collective life that exist independently of and are able to exert an influence on the individual† (iep.utm.edu). Another big way Emile contributed to sociology was by separating sociology from all other studies. Emile believed that sociology and philosophy are complementary but sociology has an advantage over philosophy†¦show more content†¦The second type of suicide is Altruistic suicide. This suicide occurs among tightly knit groups when they came under severe threat and members were prepared to die in the groups defense (actforlibraries.org). Right off the bat this reminds me of ISIS. They have many suicide bombers that if ISIS came under threat that anyone of the ISIS members would be prepared to die to defend the group. Although ISIS is what comes to my mind for Altruistic suicide Emile states that it can be anyone. They do not have to be in a group. An example used for this would be, a wife killing herself when her husband is dead (home.ku.edu). Altruistic suicide is where the ego is not its own property (home.ku.edu). In other words, having an ego would prevent you from committing suicide because of a group or incident. When you do not have an ego, you are easily manipulated to do what the group says or what you think would benefit the group. The third type of suicide is Anomic suicide. This type of suicide happens when there is disillusionment and disappointment (actforlibraries.org). Anomie was a concept Durkheim developed to describe a state where social and/or moral norm s were confused, unclear, or simply not present (â€Å"normlessness†) (actforlibraries.org). This type of suicide reminds me of what someone would do if their city or town is in massShow MoreRelatedHow Society Can Be Both Internal and External to Human Beings1082 Words   |  5 Pagesclub in which theyre are a member of. To Emile Durkheim, the worlds first official Sociologist, society is a complex structure in which each separate part is responsible for its own function for the benefit of the whole. This essay will not only explain how society can be both internal and external to human beings, but also three characteristics of the social fact concept, and three of Durkheims sociologically significant concepts. According to Durkheim, society comes in two forms: internal andRead MoreEmile Durkheim1131 Words   |  5 PagesEmile Durkheim, the world s first official Sociologist believes society is a complex structure in which each separate part is responsible for its own function for the benefit of the whole. This essay will explain how society can be both internal and external to human beings, also three characteristics of the social fact concept, and three of Durkheim s sociologically significant concepts. According to Durkheim, society comes in two forms: internal and external. First, the internal society formsRead MoreCrime Is Necessary: Durkheim’s Theory of Crime729 Words   |  3 Pagespoliticians and other people of everyday society, as horrid and unnecessary. Emile Durkheim believes that crime is normal and it isnt possible for it to not exist. If crime is everywhere and in no area has crime ever been successfully eradicated then we should assume it is there for a reason. Acco rding to many books written by Emile Durkheim, such as Suicide, and The Division of Labor, society plays a large role in our actions and Durkheim explains that reasons to which why crime is executable. Experts inRead MoreDurkheim‚Äà ´s theories focusing on sociological methodology, division of labor and social solidarity1195 Words   |  5 Pages3 – Durkheim 03/29/2014 DURKHEIM: A SUMMARY OF THEORIES IN RELATION TO MARX AND WEBER Durkheim’s theories focusing on sociological methodology, division of labor and social solidarity The majority of Durkheim’s work is interested in society and societies ability to preserve coherence and rationality an period of increasing modernity. Throughout his work Durkheim was intensely concerned that society become a legitimate science, this is especially obvious when reading the book ‘Emile Durkheim:Read MoreBiography of Emile Durkheim1258 Words   |  6 PagesBiography of Durkheim and his contribution to criminological thought- (1000 words, 30%) David Emile Durkheim, who was a French Sociologist, was born on April 15th in Epinal, France, 1858. He is arguably the most influential figure in western sociology and also immensely significant in criminology. He lived until the age of 59 when he suffered a stroke after he had recovered for a sufficient amount of time he then continued with his work however he eventually died, in Paris, on November 15thRead MoreDurkheim and the Relevance of His Theories in Modern Society1240 Words   |  5 Pagesthe works of Emile Durkheim. This essay focuses on four main sociological concepts proposed by the functionalist Emile Durkheim; the division of labour; mechanical and organic solidarity; anomie and suicide, and examines their relevance in contemporary society. Along with Marx and Weber, Durkheim is considered one of the founding members of modern sociology. He is also credited with making sociology a science through his application of scientific and empirical research. Durkheim believed thatRead MoreThe Significance for Economic Anthropology of the Work of Marx and Durkheim1557 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the significance for economic anthropology of the work of Marx and Durkheim? Introduction The works of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim have proved that they were indeed the finding fathers of modern social theory during the late 19th to the early 20th century. Along with others (i.e. Weber, Simmel, Veblen etc.) they had laid down the foundations of our understanding of the relationships that are held between culture and society on one hand, and economic activity on the other hand. Marx sawRead Morecriminology in kenya3603 Words   |  15 PagesUNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY ASSIGMENT EMILE DURKHEIM (1958-1971) VIEWED INEQUALITY AS A NATURAL AND INEVITABLE HUMAN CODITION THAT IS ASSOCAITED WITH SOCIAL MALADIES SUCH AS CRIME UNLESS THERE IS . EXPLAIN AN ASSET DURKHEIMS THEORY ON CRIME AND CRIME CAUSATION. STUDENT ID NO :12S01ALLB009 NAME : WACHIRA ANNE WANGUI DATE DUE :8/4/2014 [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of theRead MoreEmile Durkheim, the Father of Sociology Essay2001 Words   |  9 Pagesthe ideals of how a society could be. Without Emile Durkheim, the father of sociology, sociology may not have ever reached the great attributes or been considered something worth pursuing. Durkheim was the change that people needed in order to make their society something worth changing and fighting for. Durkheim’s work had no limitations, he was able to explore every aspect of sociology that he wanted, and that is exactly what he set out to do. Durkheim realized several problems people were havingRead MoreThesis Statement . The Act Of Suicide Effects Many Individuals1528 Words   |  7 PagesThesis Statement The act of suicide effects many individuals worldwide. The medical definition of suicide is â€Å"the act or an instance of taking one’s own life voluntarily and intentionally† (Turner,1). However, suicide is more than just a medical condition. Emile Durkheim, referred to this state as altruism, which means that an individual’s personality is preserved to be of little value; he called this altruistic suicide (Douglas, 13). On the other hand, there are many types of cause and effect

Night World Dark Angel Chapter 2 Free Essays

Everything was freezing confusion. Her head was under water and she was being tumbled over and over. She couldn’t see, couldn’t breathe, and she was completely disoriented. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Dark Angel Chapter 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then her head popped up. She automatically sucked in a huge gasp of air. Her arms were flailing but they seemed tangled in her backpack. The creek was wide here and the current was very strong. She was being swept downstream, and every other second her mouth seemed to be full of water. Reality was just one desperate, choking attempt to get enough air for the next breath. And everything was so cold. A cold that was pain, not just temperature. I’m going to die. Her mind realized this with a sort of numb certainty, but her body was stubborn. It fought almost as if it had a separate brain of its own. It struggled out of her backpack, so that the natural buoyancy of her ski jacket helped keep her head above water. It made her legs kick, trying to stand firm on the bottom. No good. The creek was only five feet deep in the center, but that was still an inch higher than Gillian’s head. She was too small, too weak, and she couldn’t get any kind of control over where she was going. And the cold was sapping her strength frighteningly fast. With every second her chances of surviving dropped. It was as if the creek were a monster that hated her and would never let her go. It slammed her into rocks and swept her on before her hands could get hold of the cold, smooth surfaces. And in a few minutes she was going to be too weak to keep her face above water. I have to grab something. Her body was telling her that. It was her only chance. There. Up ahead, on the left bank, a projecting spit with tree roots. She had to get to it. Kick. Kick. She hit and was almost spun past it. But somehow, she was holding on. The roots were thicker than her arms, a huge tangle like slick, icy snakes. Gillian thrust an arm through a natural loop of the roots, anchoring herself. Oh-yes; she could breathe now. But her body was still in the creek, being sucked away by the water. She had to get out-but that was impossible. She just barely had the strength to hold on; her weakened, numb muscles could never pull her up the bank. At that moment, she was filled with hatred- not for the creek, but for herself. Because she was little and weak and childish and it was going to kill her. She was going to die, and it was all happening right now, and it was real. She could never really remember what happened next. Her mind let go and there was nothing but anger and the burning need to get higher. Her legs kicked and scrambled and some dim part of her knew that each impact against the rocks and roots should have hurt. But all that mattered was the desperation that was somehow, inch by inch, getting her numb, waterlogged body out of the creek. And then she was out. She was lying on roots and snow. Her vision was dim; she was gasping, open-mouthed, for breath, but she was alive. Gillian lay there for a long time, not really aware of the cold, her entire body echoing with relief. I made it! I’ll be okay now. It was only when she tried to get up that she realized how wrong she was. When she tried to stand, her legs almost folded under her. Her muscles felt like jelly. And †¦ it was cold. She was already exhausted and nearly frozen, and her soaking clothes felt as heavy as medieval armor. Her gloves were gone, lost in the creek. Her cap was gone. With every breath, she seemed to get colder, and suddenly she was racked with waves of violent shivers. Find the road †¦ I have to get to the road. But which way is it? She’d landed somewhere downstream-but where? How far away was the road now? Doesn’t matter†¦ just walk away from the creek, Gillian thought slowly. It was difficult to think at all. She felt stiff and clumsy and the shivering made it hard to climb over fallen trees and branches. Her red, swollen fingers couldn’t close to get handholds. I’m so cold-why can’t I stop shivering? Dimly, she knew that she was in serious trouble. If she didn’t get to the road-soon-she wasn’t going to survive. But it was more and more difficult to call up a sense of alarm. A strange sort of apathy was coming over her. The gnarled forest seemed like something from a fairy tale. Stumbling†¦ staggering. She had no idea where she was going. Just straight ahead. That was all she could see anyway, the next dark rock protruding from the snow, the next fallen branch to get over or around. And then suddenly she was on her face. She’d fallen. It seemed to take immense effort to get up again. It’s these clothes†¦ they’re too heavy. I should take them off. Again, dimly, she knew that this was wrong. Her brain was being affected; she was dazed with hypothermia. But the part of her that knew this was far away, separate from her. She fought to make her numbed ringers unzip her ski jacket. Okay†¦ it’s off. I can walk better now†¦ She couldn’t walk better. She kept falling. She had been doing this forever, stumbling, falling, getting up. And every time it was a little harder. Her cords felt like slabs of ice on her legs. She looked at them with distant annoyance and saw that they were covered with adhering snow. Okay-maybe take those off, too? She couldn’t remember how to work a zipper. She couldn’t think at all anymore. The violent waves of shivering were interspersed with pauses now, and the pauses were getting longer. I guess †¦ that’s good. I must not be so cold—– I just need a little rest. While the faraway part of her brain screamed uselessly in protest, Gillian sat down in the snow. She was in a small clearing. It seemed deserted-not even the footprints of a ground mouse marked the smooth white carpet around her. Above, overhanging branches formed a snowy canopy. It was a very peaceful place to die. Gillian’s shivering had stopped. Which meant it was all over now. Her body couldn’t warm itself by shivering any longer, and was giving up the fight. Instead, it was trying to move into hibernation. Shutting itself down, reducing breathing and heart rate, conserving the little warmth that was left. Trying to survive until help could come. Except that no help was coming. No one knew where she was. It would be hours before her dad got home or her mother was†¦ awake. And even then they wouldn’t be alarmed that Gillian wasn’t there. They’d assume she was with Amy. By the time anyone thought of looking for her it would be far too late. The faraway part of Gillian’s mind knew all this, but it didn’t matter. She had reached her physical limits-she couldn’t save herself now even if she could have thought of a plan. Her hands weren’t red anymore. They were blue-white. Her muscles were becoming rigid. At least she no longer felt cold. There was only a vast sense of relief at not having to move. She was so tired†¦ Her body had begun the process of dying. White mist filled her mind. She had no sense of time passing. Her metabolism was slowing to a stop. She was becoming a creature of ice, no different from any stump or rock in the frozen wilderness. I’m in trouble†¦ somebody†¦ somebody please†¦ Mom †¦ Her last thought was, it’s just like going to sleep. And then, all at once, there was no rigidity, no discomfort. She felt light and calm and free-and she was floating up near the canopy of snowy boughs. How wonderful to be warm again! Really warm, as if she were filled with sunshine. Gillian laughed in pleasure. But where am I? Didn’t something just happen-something bad? On the ground below her there was a huddled figure. Gillian looked at it curiously. A small girl. Almost hidden by her long pale hair, the strands already covered in fine ice. The girl’s face was delicate. Pretty bone structure. But the skin was a terrible flat white-dead looking. The eyes were shut, the lashes frosty. Underneath, Gillian knew somehow, the eyes were deep violet. I get it. I remember. That’s me. The realization didn’t bother her. Gillian felt no connection to the huddled thing in the snow. She didn’t belong to it anymore. With a mental shrug, she turned away- -and she was in a tunnel. A huge dark place, with the feeling of being vastly complicated somehow. As if space here were folded or twisted-and maybe time, too. She was rushing through it, flying. Points of light were whizzing by-who could tell how far away in the darkness? Oh, God, Gillian thought. It’s the tunnel. This is happening. Right now. To me. I’m really dead. And going at warp speed. Weirder than being dead was being dead with a sense of humor. Contradictions†¦ this felt so real, more real than anything that had ever happened while she was alive. But at the same time, she had a strange sense of unreality. The edges of her self were blurred, as if somehow she were a part of the tunnel and the lights and the motion. She didn’t have a distinct body anymore. Could this all be happening in my head? With that, for the first time, she felt frightened. Things in her head†¦ could be scary. What if she ran into her nightmares, the very things that her subconscious knew terrified her most? That was when she realized she had no control over where she was going. And the tunnel had changed. There was a bright light up ahead. It wasn’t blue-white, as she would have expected from movies. It was pale gold, blurred as if she were seeing it through frosty glass, but still unbelievably brilliant. Isn’t it supposed to feel like love or something? What it felt like-what it made her feel-was awe. The light was so big, so powerful†¦ and so Just Plain Bright. It was like looking at the beginning of the universe. And she was rushing toward it so fast-it was filling her vision. She was in it. The light encompassed her, surrounded her. Seemed to shine through her. She was flying upward through radiance like a swimmer surfacing. Then the feeling of motion faded. The light was getting less bright-or maybe her eyes were adapting to it. Shapes solidified around her. She was in a meadow. The grass was amazing- not just green, but a sort of impossible ultra green. As if lit up from inside. The sky was the same kind of impossible blue. She was wearing a thin summer dress that billowed around her. The false color made it seem like a dream. Not to mention the white columns rising at intervals from the grass, supporting nothing. So this is what happens when you die. And now†¦ now, somebody should come meet me. Grandpa Trevor? I’d like to see him walking again. But no one came. The landscape was beautiful, peaceful, unearthly-and utterly deserted. Gillian felt anxiety twisting again inside her. Wait, what if this place wasn’t-the good place? After all, she hadn’t been particularly good in her life. What if this were actually hell? Or †¦ limbo? Like the place all those spirits who talked to mediums must be from. Creatures from heaven wouldn’t say such silly things. What if she were left here, alone, forever? As soon as she finished the thought, she wished she hadn’t. This seemed to be the kind of place where thoughts-or fears-could influence reality. Wasn’t that something rancid she smelled? And-weren’t those voices? Fragments of sentences that seemed to come from the air around her? The kind of nonsense said by people in dreams. â€Å"So white you can’t see†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"A time and a half†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"If only I could, girl†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Gillian turned around and around, trying to catch more. Trying to figure out whether or not she was really hearing the words. She had the sudden gut-trembling feeling that the beauty around her could easily come apart at the seams. Oh, God, let me think good thoughts. Please. I wish I hadn’t watched so many horror movies. I don’t want to see anything terrible-like the ground splitting and hands reaching for me. And I don’t want anyone to meet me-looking like something rotting with bones exposed-after all. She was in trouble. Even thinking about not thinking brought up pictures. And now fear was galloping inside her, and in her mind the bright meadow was turning into a nightmare of darkness and stink and pressure and gibbering mindless things. She was terrified that at any moment she might see a change- And then she did see one. Something unmistakable. A few feet away from her, above the grass, was a sort of mist of light. It hadn’t been there a moment ago. But now it seemed to get brighter as she watched, and to stretch from very far away. And there was a shape in it, coming toward her. How to cite Night World : Dark Angel Chapter 2, Essay examples

Andrew Jackson Renegade President or Trailblazer free essay sample

Andrew Jackson was the seventh President of the United States. Jackson was viewed as renegade President due to his loyalty to the common man. He opposed the wealthy men of America that controlled the government. His first rebellion against the wealthy men of America was relieving them of their jobs in government through Spoils System. His renegade attitude caused him to act immorally toward the Native Americans by removing them from their homes for the nations expansion.Lastly, his beliefs that the national bank as in favor of the of the typical wealthy elite of America led him to set a goal to destroy the national bank. Therefore, the Spoils System, the policies against Native Americans and the goal set out to destroy the Bank of USA made Andrew Jackson a renegade President. Andrew Jackson was seen as the voice of the people a quality many politicians of his time did not possess. We will write a custom essay sample on Andrew Jackson: Renegade President or Trailblazer? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This instantly classified him as a renegade among his political peers. Also, he believed that average American should play a role in a democratic government. Ultimately, president Andrew Jackson decided to lead the support in a system called the Spoils System. The system worked as a benefit to the common man of America. The Spoils System marked the process of firing experienced and qualified government employees from their jobs in place of average Americans, that were supporters of President Jackson. Many government officials questioned his bias decisions and were outraged by President Jacksons decision. However, Jackson stood by his beliefs by claiming that the Spoils System was democratic because in put the general public of America first.The following tote further explains what was previously stated. it put an end to a permanent, no elected office- holding class. Because government jobs were so plain and simple, they could easily be rotated at will and given to supporters. (Appleby et al, 224). It was for those reason, that make the Spoils System a controversial decision that makes Prestidigitation a renegade. Andrew Jackson made a commitment to extend democracy to benefit everyone, apparently everyone did not involve the Native Americans. In order to move democracy westward Jackson had to find a way to move the NativeAmericans out of those locations needed to extend democracy. As a result, came the Indian Removal Act, which was an act to relocate Native American in order, to expand democracy westward. President Jackson presented this act to congress. Unfortunately for Jackson congress did not pass it then, he took it up to the Supreme Court where Chief Justice John Marshall opposed the Indian Removal Act. However, President Andrew Jackson stated that in-acted the Indian Removal Act without the consent of congress and the Supreme court.This act of rebellion by President Jackson led to the Native American genocide called the Trail of Tears. Trail of Tears accounted for 2,000 plus people dead from causes such as starvation and diseases. This decision by Andrew Jackson was the darkest moment in his term as President. President Jacksons biggest obstacle he faced as a president was his ongoing fight to destroy the first and second Bank of USA. The reason why he wanted to destroy the bank was due to him regarding that the Bank was a monopoly that benefited the wealthy. Prestidigitation believed that the bank did not benefit farmers for its policies and heavily Favored the Northeast States oppose over the Southern and Western states. Lastly, Andrew Jackson wanted to put an end to the bank of USA because the bank had too much influence over congress. Sadly, his goal was never reached because the government supported industrial and commercial development. Andrew Jackson was a renegade president. He was a renegade because he wanted to involve average Americans in government through the Spoils System.Andrew Jackson was a renegade because he went behind the countrys back and initiated a genocide of Native Americans. President Jackson was a renegade because he wanted to destroy the Bank of USA so that it benefit the common American. Although, President Jackson was a renegade, he was not a renegade for no reason. Andrew Jacksons purpose of being a renegade President was to give the average American a voice in everything concerning the nation. Therefore, Andrew Jackson was a renegade President to support the average Americans.

THE INVASION OF NORMANDY Essay Example For Students

THE INVASION OF NORMANDY Essay D-Day, June 6, 1944 was the focal point of the greatest and most planned out invasion of all time. The Allied invasion of France was long awaited and tactfully thought out. Formonths the Allied forces of millions of soldiers trained in Britain waiting for the Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces, General Eisenhower to set a date. June 5, 1944 was to be the day with the H-hour at 06:30. The vast power of an Allied Army 2.5 million strong lay coiled in England, ready to spring across the channel into German occupied France. Some of the more than 5000 strong armada of ships and small craft of the invasion fleet had already put to sea. On that June morning screaming winds and a downpour of rain threatened to cancel the invasion. General Eisenhower had to make a decision and make it soon. He postponed the attack 24 hours and waited for the weather to clear. If he was to cancel it one more time it would be another month before the tide and moonlight conditions would be once again favorable for both a Seaborne and Airborne attack. Predictions by the staff meteorologist cautiously predicted clearing skies for the next day, 6 June. General Eisenhower conferred with his generals and admirals. He then thought for a minute, then stood up Okl he said lets go.Aircraft bombed German installations and helped prepare the ground attack. The ground forces landed and made their push inland. Soon Operation Overlord was in full affect as the Allied Forces pushed the Germans back towards the Russian forces coming in from the east. D-Day was the beginning and the key to the fight to take back Europe. The thesis of this paper is that the Allied Invasion of Normandy was the beginning Operation Overlord was in no way a last minute operation thrown together. Whenthe plan was finalized in the spring of 1944 the world started work on preparing thehundreds of thousands of men for the greatest battle in history. By June of 1944 the landing forces were training hard, awaiting D -Day, 1,700,000 British, 1,500,000 Americans, 175,000 from Dominions (mostly Canada), and another 44,000 from other countries were going to take part. Not only did men have to be recruited and trained but also equipment had to be built to transport and fight with the soldiers. More than 1,300 warships, 1,600 merchant ships, 4,000 landing craft and 13,000 aircraft including bombers, fighters and gliders were built. Several new types of tanks and Armored vehicles were built. Two examples are the Sherman Crab flail tank and the Churchill Crocodile. On the ground, Britain assembled three Armored Divisions, eight Infantry Divisions, two Airborne Divisions and ten independent fighting Brigades. The United States had six Armored Divisions, thirteen Infantry and two Airborne Divisions. With one Armored Division and two Infantry Divisions, Canada also contributed greatly with the war effort especially when you look at the size of the country at the time. In the air Britains one hundred RAF s quadrons (1,200 aircraft) paled in comparison to the one hundred and sixty-five USAAF squadrons (2,000 aircraft). The entire Operation Overlord was supposed to go according to Montgomerys Master Plan which was created by General Sir Bernard L. Montgomery. His plan was initiated by a command system which connected the U.S. and Britain and helped them jointly run the operation. This plan was to have five Divisions act as a first wave, landing on the sixty-one mile long beach front. Four more Divisions, as well as some Airborne landings, would support the first wave. The beaches of Normandy would be separated into five beaches, codenamed, from west to east Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno and Sword. The Americans would invade the two westernmost beaches, being Utah and Omaha and the British and its Dominions would take Gold, Juno and Sword. The Canadians were nearly the entire force to land on Juno beach. The operation was also coordinated with various French resistance groups called the Secret Army. The naval plans were to transport the Allied expeditionary forces, help secure and defend a beachhead, and to help setup a method of constant resupplying of Allied forces. Operation Overlord, in short, was as follows: The Airforce would be used to knock out German defenses and immobilize their forces. Blowup tanks and other misinformation was used to fool Germans into thinking the invasion was coming at Pas de Calais. The navy would transport the troops while doing whatever it could to help them gain ground, and enough of France would be liberated and held by the Allied forces so that they would not fail by being pushed back into the sea.Utah beach was a stretch of beachfront approximately five miles long and located in the dunes of Varreville. Like most beach attacks that day, the planned attack time was 06:30 or H hour. As early as 02:00 (H-4:30) the preparations for attack was being made as minesweepers started working at creating a safe path for Allied battleships, frigat es, and corvettes. At about 02:30 the flagship for Utah beach was in place and the order was given for the landing crafts to be loaded and placed into the water. The four waves of troops were ready to go and the German radar had not spotted any buildup of ships. The first gunfire occurred at daybreak when some ships were spotted and fired upon by coastal guns. A group of 276 planes, all B-26 Marauders flew in to drop their payload of 4400 bombs on the targets. Almost all missed and nearly a third fell short onto the beaches and into the sea, far away from their targets. Although some guns were silenced the poor accuracy of the aircraft was costly and would turn out to be only one of the many errors made by the Allied forces. At 06:30 the first of the troops landed, the 4th Infantry Division and the 8th Infantry Regiment missed the correct beach and landed 2,000 yards away on what turned out to luckily be a less heavily defended beach. This mix up was blamed on tides, smoke and rough seas. These first troops were all part of the twenty landing craft, each carrying thirty men that made up the first wave. After the first wave came the 32 amphibious tanks. The second wave of troops consisted of 32 craft carrying Combat Engineers and Naval Demolition Teams. Dozer tanks would make up the third wave. Shortly after the securing of the beach 2 Engineer Battalions arrived. This may sound like all the Divisions made it easily to shore but that is not true. Many of the amphibious tanks were unable to swim through the rough surf and sank. Two out of the three control vessels for the beach hit sea mines and sank and countless landing craft were shelled by German coastal guns. There were also numerous drownings involving troops that were so weighed down by the equipment that they wore that they were drowned in water only six feet deep. If the soldiers managed to make it to shore they were still faced with devastating German machine gun fire. Fortunately, the beach and much o f its surroundings had become the victim of a large sea launched rocket attack clearing some of the German defenses. Once the Division had made it on the beach and secured it they had to start moving inland on their pre-planned missions. The units that landed on the wrong beach decided to start the war from right here. Most of the landed troops were supposed to secure the areas and push inland, eventually meeting up with the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions that had dropped behind the enemy on the western flank by St. Mere Eglise in order to work their way to the beach and secure the major crossroads and so that they could be attacked from two angles. The 4th Infantry Division and 8th Infantry Regiment that landed on the wrong beaches still continued on with their missions. The 4th, which was originally supposed to land on the islands of St. Marcouf to destroy coastal guns thought to be there ended up moving inland and linking up with the 101st Airborne Division. The other Unit tha t unfortunately landed in the wrong location was the 8th Infantry. Their mission was to reduce beach fortifications and to move inland. The last two Infantry Regiments were the 12th and 22nd. Both units were to work together to secure the northern region of the beach. The 22nd was to move northwest clearing beaches and the high ground overlooking them while the 12th moved inland on their left flank. Unfortunately the 22nd was unable to make its deep swing into the Northwest. By the end of the day, the only Infantry unit that was able to achieve its objective was the 8th Infantry, and they landed on the wrong beach. Most of the area was secure except for a pocket of Germans that controlled a small area shaped like a two mile finger on the ridges north of Les Forges. The experimental idea of having two Airborne Divisions drop farther inland had helped make the Utah Beach attack a near success. We will write a custom essay on THE INVASION OF NORMANDY specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927 , .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927 .postImageUrl , .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927 , .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927:hover , .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927:visited , .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927:active { border:0!important; } .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927:active , .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927 .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueaabcaf03c8d463deff5628e0a001927:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biotechnology Essay Order now The Omaha beach area was the largest of all the Normandy beaches at approximately 34,500 yards in length. The beach itself had only five passable ways off, creating a challenge for the landing troops and vehicles. Behind the beach were heavily defended bluffs and high cliffs. In order to invade the area, which was defended by twelve German strongpoints, over 34,000 troops and 3,300 vehicles would be involved in the Omaha Beach invasion. The large number was partly because of the fact that beginning in April, of the same year, German military had started to fortify the area in hopes of deterring any invasion from the area. The sandy beaches themselves were free of mines but three bands of obstacles were put into place in order to create impassable obstacles for landing sea craft. First, large gate-like structures called Belgian Gates were built, simply to get in the way of landing craft. The second band of obstacles were large posts and logs dug into the beach at an angle towards the sea and topped off with a waterproofed landmine also creating a deadly obstacle. The third and final obstacle was farther up the beach, they were large hedgehogs which were mined steel I beams shaped in an X to impede the movement of armored vehicles .Like the rest of the beaches, the planned attack time (H hour) was 06:30. Many would think that this would be when the death toll would first start to rise but this just wasnt so. Many men died far from the beach. Two companies of amphibious DD tanks sank because of heavy seas. Included with the 27 tanks that sunk were 11 landing craft that tipped over by rough seas. Most soldiers on these transports drowned because of the weight of the equipment they were carrying held them under the water, and their inflatable lifesavers failed to inflate. Other craft hit mines, losing valuable troops, supplies and weapons. Most of the landing craft hitting the beach were being fired upon by deadly accurate German machine gun fire even when the craft were still over 1,000 yards away from the beach. Some even ran aground while still 100 feet from shore. Attempts to improve the situation were made by groups such as the 29th Division who decided to bring their tanks in on the landing craft. Only 8 of the 16 tanks made it to the beach. Other landing craft either missed their landing area or arrived too late. The lateral current dragged some Infantry units hundreds of yards from their objectives and a few battalions, like the 2nd Ranger Battalion, arrived 40 minutes after they were scheduled to land. Once most of the craft had managed to make it to the beach the soldiers still faced many problems. Air strikes that were planned to knock out enemy machine gunners were not successful enough. Most of the troops were pinned behind the sea wall and other obstacles by machine gun fire ahead of them and the raising tides behind them. Tides rose four feet per hour, shrinking the beach by eighty feet in the same time period. Those soldiers wh o were too injured to walk or crawl drowned as the tide sped up on them. With soldiers pinned down and not enough vehicles being able to get off the beach other craft were unable to land due to the lack of room.For the first few hours at Omaha Beach things looked grim. No major advances were being made. The real turnaround that day was when a few destroyers actually came in as close as four hundred yards in order to fire at enemy strongpoints. The risk of grounding the destroyers took and the arrival of tanks, lead to the eventual fall of the German beach defenses. Once the units could move inland their individual missions were put into place. One of the most important missions put upon any division was the destruction of five French-made 155mm naval guns at Pointe du Hoc. This responsibility was given to the 116th Brigade and its two combat teams: The 5th Ranger and 2nd Ranger teams. The 5th met the fate of many Battalions as the landed on the wrong beach. Luckily, the remaining tw o teams did manage to destroy the naval guns that were capable of attacking ships as far out as 25,000 yards (22km) as well as soldiers on both Utah and Omaha beaches. These guns were not in the concrete bunkers, as aerial reconvenes had observed, but were actually located inland several hundred yards. This would prove to be one of the few missions that the Rangers completed that day. Because of the great break downs in planned assaults, the day started to look like a chaotic day with the only missions being that of individual survival. Most divisions managed to stay organized and plan their survival and attack plans. Col. George H. Taylor of the 16th Regiment said, Two kinds of people are staying on this beach, the dead and those about to die. These sort of speeches sparked other soldiers to continue with their slightly revised missions. Originally it was planned for the areas above the beaches to be taken by an advance up the heavily defended bluffs but the plan was changed to a l ess organized direct assault on the German gunners in the high cliffs. Other such companies that decided on newly created missions included the 16th Infantry and the 29th Division. These two units decided on a joint mission to save their buddies who were pinned on the beach. Also involved on the Omaha Beach invasion were the 1st Infantry Division, and the 18th and 115th Brigades. By the end of D-Day on Omaha Beach the advance had gone barely one and a half miles inland. Several of the enemy strongpoints were intact and the beachhead was still under fire. Although this hectic day sounds like a disaster, the major exits from the area were held, three villages were under Allied control and a hole in the German line about two and half kilometers long was made and the coastal guns were destroyed. The landing had been made, all the troops could do was secure the area and organize the beach for the introduction of Gold Beach was the second largest of the beaches of Normandy and was also th e middle beach: Utah and Omaha to the west and Juno and Sword to the east. Gold beach was like most of the other beaches invaded on D-Day except it had one characteristic which was disadvantageous to the allies. Coral reefs, ranging from twenty to a hundred yards out could ground landing craft at low tide. Because of this factor the Gold Beach was postponed almost an hour after most of the other attacks that day. H hour on this beach was to be 07:25. It turned out the this adverse condition would soon show to have its pros and cons. The largest pro being that this left more time for bombardment of German defenses by RAF bombers and naval guns. The cons were of course the fact that with the rising tides men landing on the beach would end up facing the fate of many soldiers on Omaha beach, being pinned behind a sea wall and being drowned by the advancing waves. It would also turn out that, along with beach obstacles, the rising tide would make it even harder for landing craft to make their transport runs. Not soon after the arrival of the first wave of landing crafts the problems started to mount. Also, regiments decided to bring their DD Sherman tanks on their LCD 38transports instead of floating them in. This was mainly because of the weather, which created high seas. Unfortunately, this sort of tactic left the tanks as sitting ducks and all but one of the tanks were disabled or destroyed. Soon one problem lead to another as those soldiers that landed on the beach were unable to advance and were without any tanks to bail them out of their predicament. Eventually with the help of the one tank that survived the landing, the troops at Gold Beach were able to press forward. Not unlike any of the other beaches, Gold had a complicated battle plan including many Divisions, Regiments and even a commando group. The overall goal was to take the key points of the German defenses and secure the area. One such key point was Port-en-Bessin which was to be invaded by the Bri tish 47th Royal Marine Commando who would later meet up with an America Regiment from Omaha. The problem was that not everything went according to plan and they were unable to take the city. The Americans who were supposed to help in the fight inland by moving through the North-west flank of the area never showed up.Another such joining of teams did go according to plans as the 50th Division met up with a Division of Canadians from Juno beach after coming within a mile of their D-day objective of the taking of Bayeux. The only two groups to succeed in their D-day objectives as Gold Beach were the 69th and 231st Regiments. The 231st successfully took the city of Arromanches while the 69th took la Riviere even after they were forced to originally bypass the stronghold and return and destroy it later on. Other groups involved included the British 8th, 151st and 56th Regiments who aided in the push inland and the clearing of the beaches of mines and obstacles. By the end of the day ,mos t of the D-day objectives had failed but three brigades were ready to push farther inland at sunlight. The beach was secured and ready for reinforcements. Unfortunately, Bayeux was not taken but most of the areas hidden bunkers and trenches were. Some in fact were found to be manned by unwilling Asiatic conscripts from the southern Soviet republics who were put there by Germans. Juno beach was Canadas beach with over 21,000 Canadians landing there. Not unlike other beaches, Junos H-hour was delayed until 07:45. The reason was that air reconnaissance had spotted some underwater shoals (rocks/reefs) and the Canadians wanted to wait until the tide had gone in to make it safer for the landing craft. (Later on the shoals turned out to be masses of floating seaweed). The beach itself was wide enough to land two Brigades side by side, the Canadian 7th at Courseulles and the 8th at Bernieres. The decision to wait until 07:45 caused more problems than it solved. The rising tide hid most of t he beach obstacles meaning two things: it was dangerous for the landing craft to come ashore and the demolition crews couldnt get at the obstacles to make room for the landing craft. Thirty percent of all the landing craft at Juno beach on D-day were disabled in beach obstacle related incidents. One such example was when one craft started to disembark troops, a wave threw the craft onto a mined beach obstacle. Like at most of the beaches that day, Armored Divisions started to bring their tanks in on the landing craft but like on all the other beaches this caused problems. The Regina Rifles, one of the first groups to land, had to wait twenty minutes on the beach without the aid of any tanks or heavy artillery. Due to heavy seas and tanks coming in on the landing craft it meant that people who should have been in front were behind.The Canadians were smarter than most in the setup of their landing. They chose a position at sea which was only seven or eight miles out instead of the dis tance most other beach operations were using of about eleven miles. This greatly increased the speed and accuracy of the landings and the first Canadian wave was on the beach by 08:15. Once on the beach the amount of German defenses surprised the Allied forces, once again the air assault on the German gunneries was not 46as successful as planned. However, like at Gold beach, the Canadians did find out that the firepower of their tanks was the difference between being able to push inland and being pinned down at the beach. After the main beach defenses of the Germans were taken the inland push became slower and slower the farther south they got. A few of the main objectives were successful. The 3rd Division reach the Caen-Bayeux road and a lot of French towns were liberated. The one strongpoint that would become a problem for troops at Juno, as well as Sword, would be Caen. The Canadians found increased resistance the closer they got and in that aspect their D-day mission did not suc ceed. As night fell the Canadians were still well short of a lot of objectives. They did get their tanks on the Caen-Bayeux road but that was about it. The British 3rd Division from Sword beach was planned to meet up with the Canadians in order to close the gap between Juno and Sword beaches but they never showed. This left a two mile gap in the beaches and would be the area of the only German counterattack of the day. The other linkup between beaches was successful as Canadians met the 50th Division from Gold beach. Overall the Canadians didnt get all that far but were in a good position to move inland. .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0 , .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0 .postImageUrl , .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0 , .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0:hover , .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0:visited , .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0:active { border:0!important; } .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0:active , .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0 .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udfc972a84b213ecba1d661651050fae0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Adams, Who Became The Second President Of The United States, Has EssaySword beach was the easternmost beach in Normandy. Like at Juno Beach H-hour was again postponed because of shoals until 07:25. The main objective at Sword beach was to advance and invade the German strongpoint of Caen. Four whole brigades of the 3rd Division were sent to Caen. There were also Airborne Divisions that dropped behind lines using large gliders which could carry troops as well as other Armored vehicles. Those groups not supposed to head toward Caen were planned to reach the Airborne Divisions and secure the areas bridges from counterattack. Even as the Canadians moved inland, trouble wa s developing back at the beach. Although all the DD tanks made it to the beach the tide was turning the already small beach into one with only ten yards from the seafront to the waters edge. With only one road off the beach the overcrowding caused delays in most objectives for that day. Some of the Armored Divisions like the 27th Armored Brigade abandoned their objectives in order to bail out 52Infantry pinned down on the crowded beaches. Those who did make it off the beach in time were quite successful in reaching their D-day objectives. By late afternoon the leading troops of the Brigades heading for Caen had reached and liberated the towns of Beuville and Bieville which were only two or so miles short of Caen. Strongpoints, like the one at La Breche, were taken as early as 10:00. Those troops that didnt make it off the beach in time, like the 185th Brigade, had to leave all their heavy equipment behind in order to catch up with the forces already nearing Caen. The move inland was really looking quite promising until the Germans launched the only counterattack of the day. The 21st Panzer Division was sent out from Caen, half to take on the southward allies and the other half to head right up between Juno and Sword beach where that two mile of beach was unoccupied by Allied forces. Fifty German tanks faced the Brigades heading for Caen. Luckily the British were ready with artillery, fighter-bombers and a special Firefly Sherman tank that was fitted with a seventeen pound anti-tank gun instead of the normal 75mm gun. Soon, thirteen of the German tanks were destroyed with only one M- 5510 tank destroyer damaged. This just went to show that the British were slow in advance but almost unbreakable in defense. Still the Germans pressed forward until about 21:00 when the last wave of gliders of the 6th Airborne Divisions came in. The Germans 56looked up and saw about 250 gliders fly in and land behind them. The allies now were attacking from two directions and the o nly German counterattack ended quickly. By the end of the day the German resistance at Sword beach was almost obliterated other than that at Caen. A lot of the success was because of the joint effort of Airborne Divisions and Divisions landing on the beach. Of the 6,250 troops of the 6th Airborne that landed there were only 650 casualties. Unfortunately Caen was not taken but its liberation was By the end of June 6, 1944 one of the most complicated and the most coordinatedinvasions the world would ever witness had started. On Utah Beach, the American 1st Army held a firm beachhead with several Divisions already receiving the supplies they needed and would soon be ready to move inland. On Omaha Beach, the troops there had recovered from what had looked like an impending disaster in the first hours and started to break through the stiff German defenses. At the British run beaches of Juno, Gold and Sword the forces had managed to push inland an average of six miles. Even with the amoun t of soldiers numbering about seventy-five thousand, the casualties between the three U.S. beaches were only approximately three thousand. Overlooking the Omaha beach landing site is the Normandy American Cemetery. Under headstones of white Italian marble lie 9386 American soldiers, airmen and sailors. Of these men whom are buried here are 307 whose names are known but to God. Their valiant soldiers unselfishly gave their lives in landing operations, the establishment of the beachheads and the drive inland towards Paris. The remains of 14,000 others had originally been buried here but had been returned home at the request of their next of kin. This was the price paid for a foothold on Europe.D-Day was the beginning of the end for the Germans in Europe and the end of the beginning for the fight for Europe. Bibliography:SOURCES USEDAmbrose, Stephen E. D-Day June 6, 1944: The Climatic Battle of World War II, ( New York New York, Simon and Schuster 1994)Golstein, Donald M. Katherine V. Dillon, and Michael Wenger, D-DAY NORMANDY: The Story and The Photographs, ( Washington, New York, London, Basseys 1994) Young, Brigadeir Peter D-DAY, ( London England, Bison Books Limited, 1981)The American Battle Monuments Commission, Normandy American Cemetary and Memorial, ( A Handout; The American Battle Monuments Commission 1987)

Preventive Maintainance System in Primary Schools Essay Example

Preventive Maintainance System in Primary Schools Essay Example Preventive Maintainance System in Primary Schools Paper Preventive Maintainance System in Primary Schools Paper Everything built by man requires preventive maintenance especially schools built for the education of a country’s citizens. For Primary Schools to continue being ideal places of education for pupils and teachers alike, preventive maintenance should be regarded as an important aspect of the schools program. Commenting on preventive maintenance, PC Kaiser and Harvey H say this; â€Å"Preventive maintenance† means scheduled maintenance actions that prevents the premature failure or extends the useful life of a facility, or a facility’s systems and components that are cost-effective on a life-cycle basis. (PC, Kaiser, Harvey H 1991: 9-10) In this paper the term preventive maintenance has been used in a broader sense to include all those activities that are desirable and regularly scheduled to prevent premature failure or to maximize the useful life of a Primary School facility. This has been referred to as Preventive Management System and abbreviated PMS. For the purpose of this essay, preventive maintenance will be understood as planned and scheduled maintenance to all building systems, lawns, flowers, trees, school gardens, instruments, fittings and production unit. Scheduled activities includes things like daily sweeping and dusting, roof inspections, repainting of classrooms, door hardware adjustments, lubrication of mobile equipment, replacements of broken windows, caring for lawns and flowers, and pruning of trees. This paper has been divide into two main parts . The first part will look at five reasons why preventive maintenance system is important in a primary school. The second part will consider how preventive maintenance system is organized with reference to my school. It will also look at the challenges faced and suggested ways in which these challenges can be overcome. The first and most important reason why PMS is important is that it will maximize the useful life of School buildings. Huge public funds go into construction of these school facilities and therefore, to extend useful life span preventive maintenance must be carried out. Primary Schools are unique and exceptional from other building types due to their intense use and abuse and young occupants. If a preventive maintenance system is implemented in a primary school, it will ensure that a regular schedule of care and maintenance is followed. Any problems with the building and other school facilities are identified and corrected before they actually lead to a failure. This in itself will improve the useful life of the school buildings and improve the way they look. Some of this maintenance especially to buildings would require specialized services and cost some money. The school administration should arrange this through the ministry of education. In avoiding costs of major repairs, preventive, maintenance creates efficiencies. †(Marilyn Howard 2006: 4) Indeed replacement costs are avoided because repairs are done during preventive maintenance. The second reason is too prevent premature failure of buildings in the school. A preventive maintenance system if properly implemented would prevent premature failures to any building or school facilities that would interrupt occupant’s activities and the delivery of lessons. School buildings that operate trouble-free allow teachers to do their jobs efficiently and effectively. Because preventive maintenance includes regular inspections and replacement of equipment crucial to operating a building, maintenance staff reduces the problems that might otherwise lead to a breakdown in learning activities. Faults in school desks, windows, doors and many other facilities will be prevented as these things are maintained before they break down. This in effect reduces cost of replacements should item be left to completely wears out. When maintenance is delayed, one risks losing the true value of the capital, premature equipment failure, and product damage and production delays. †(Hardman1998:3). In terms of school infrastructure, well maintained buildings will not collapse or the roof will not be blown off during the rain seasons. This will improve the safety of both pupils and teachers. The third reason why PMS is important is that it can sustain a safe and healthful environment by keeping school buildings and their components in good repair and structurally sound. The school surrounding is an important aspect of learning environment. â€Å"A classroom with broken windows and cold drafts doesn’t foster effective learning. † (Forrojalla 1993: 15)Preventive maintenance in schools should include the regular watering of flowers and lawns and planting of trees. Trees and flowers should be an integral part of any learning institution. Proper care should be taken to ensure that these things do not pose any problems to buildings and pupils. Szuba T and R Young mphasize the fact that preventive maintenance is â€Å"†¦is about providing clean and safe environments for children. It is also about creating a physical setting that is appropriate and adequate for learning. †(Szuba T R Young 2003:11) The fourth reason is that a well developed preventive maintenance system involves all members of staff at the primary school and the pupils. Involvement of pupils in the preventive maintenance activities will instill a sense of responsib ility in the pupils and help them to grow into responsible citizens. This is also cost effective way of maintaining the school environment while inculcating the spirit of team work in the pupils and teachers. The overall benefit of a good learning environment as a result of the preventive maintenance system will make learning enjoyable for pupils. Pupils will grow with a sense of responsibility for public property and are more likely to avoid vandalism. The fifth and final reason considered is that a well organized PMS will ensure that buildings and surroundings function the way they were intended to do. This will reduce inefficiencies and make the building safe for the pupils and teachers all the time. There have been numerous reports of some remote schools in Zambia where roofs from classrooms are blown off during the rainy season while pupils and teachers are in class. This cannot happen where a serious preventive maintenance system is in place. The loose iron sheets could be identified and the problem rectified at minimal costs. A well organized preventive maintenance system is not a one man show. It requires that everyone be involved from the school headmaster to the pupils in the lowest grade. With a well planned mission and vision, different committees will be formed to participate in various aspects of the preventive maintenance and this will ensure team work amongst teachers and pupils working towards the same goal of making the school a safe place for effective learning. As different members of the different committees interact, they will learn to work together thereby fostering the spirit of teamwork. â€Å"Participants’ involvement in school facilities maintenance ranged from one to 30 years. Ten participants had experience of less than 10 years, three with less than 20 years, two with less than 30 years and one had 30 years of experience. † – (M I Xaba 2012: pp3). By involving different teachers in the committees with varying experiences, the PMS in primary school can work effectively and interactions amongst teachers and pupils fosters the spirit of team work which is a vital in society. In the light of its significance, it is necessary that a preventive maintenance system be accorded high priority as part of a school’s schedule aimed at promoting teaching and learning goals with effectiveness. As Coll and McCarthy put it, â€Å"School facilities can be broadly be classified into buildings, grounds and service systems. School buildings consist of the external building envelope, which comprises the building foundation and external walls of buildings, which, in conjunction with the roof, windows and external doors, separate accommodation from the external environment† (Coll McCarthy Architects, 1998:3-02)In this regard, the preventive maintenance system in a primary school is headed by the School Head teacher. This is the main Committee of the PMS. In return the head teacher puts in place various sub committees and appoints chairpersons for these committees. The deputy head teacher is appointed chairman general for all these committees and reports directly to the head teacher. In this way, despite having a busy schedule, the head teacher is the overall supervisor and system owner for the PMS. The main PMS committee is chaired by the Head teacher and comprises the deputy head as secretary, the PTA chairperson, and all teachers who are chairpersons of various sub committees. In many instances, the Head teacher is also the financial officer of the organization and is therefore in a position to provide guidance when it comes to budgeting for requirements. This committee sits to draw up programs and policies and schedules and budgets for the entire school PMS. â€Å"Good plans include short- and long-term objectives, budgets, and timelines, all of which demonstrate organizational commitment to facilities maintenance. †(Szuba T R Young 2003: 13) The chairpersons of the sub committees will then take these decisions made for implementations in their areas. The main PMS committee therefore is responsible for the overall implementation of the programme. The main sub committees has been made to ensure that PMS runs properly are buildings and Construction Committee, School Furniture Committee, School Environment Committee, School Sports facilities Committee, School Production Unit Committee. Each committee is headed by a chairperson who ensures that policies and objectives of the school regarding PMS are implemented in his area of appointment. Teachers eading these committees may or may not have specialized training in these areas but they work in consultations with the school deputy head teacher and the head teacher. Building Construction Committee usually headed by the industrial arts teacher is responsible for the maintenance of all buildings all class teachers and the pupils are also involved in maintaining their classrooms in a clean state. The buildings and Construction committee implements, all programs to do with inspections of bu ildings, painting, replacement of window panes, roof maintenance and any construction works that are being undertaken. The chairperson records and updates the Head teacher and the deputy regularly on the success and problems faced during any period under review. The School furniture committee comes second to buildings and is comprised of the chairperson who is a teacher and includes several other class teachers. This committee ensures that all furniture in the school is in good condition especially pupil’s desks. They carry out regular inventories of all school furniture and allocate required numbers to various classrooms and offices. Regular reports on the status of school furniture are given to the deputy and head teacher. Another equally important subcommittee is the production unit committee. This is one of the largest main subcommittees with divisions such as gardening, poultry and School tuck shop. The committee is headed by one of the teachers known as the Production Unit coordinator. Each of the subcommittees has a teacher in charge that is responsible for direct management of the unit. Other In addition to teachers, a prefect called production Unit Captain. The production unit teacher, gardening ensures that a suitable area is identified within the school premises and each class is allocated a specified time to take care of the garden. The Tuck-shop committee ensures that the school tuck shop is well stocked and accurate records of accounts are maintained with regular reports going to the Head teacher. They may have additional income generating ventures like poultry and this falls under production unit. The production units subcommittee of preventive maintenance usually acts as an income generating unit of the school and is therefore very important. Apart from that, it can also result in pupils acquiring skills that can help them later in future. The sports facilities committee ensures that all school sports facilities are well maintained at scheduled times. The committee is made up of the Sports teacher, other teachers in charge various sports and a prefect called the sports captain. Together, this committee will coordinate the maintenance of sports infrasturre. Like the popular saying goes, â€Å"all work and no play make Jack a dull boy† sports play an important role in the development of pupils as responsible citizens. The formation and composition of these committees have made preventive maintenance system possible. This also makes it easy for the Head teacher and the deputy to have control of all aspects of the PMS by meeting with members of the main preventive maintenance committee. The Head teacher may not attend all meetings but the deputy head will be there to provide leadership and guidance. In most cases, members of the community through the Parent Teachers association PTA will also participate effectively. The buildings committee will ensure that School buildings are well maintained regularly. Regular maintenance of buildings will prevent premature failure of the buildings and preserve their original beauty. This will ensure that all school buildings including classrooms are well maintained and continue to be effective learning places. The committee has established a schedule that includes high dusting; cleaning of chalk or marker boards; emptying pencil sharpeners and wastebaskets; daily dust mopping of the floor. After the classroom is cleaned, the desks are arranged in an orderly manner, and windows cleaned. Each class has a daily cleaning schedule during which time these activities are carried out. In order to motivate the pupils, a reward system has been put in place. Inspections are done by different teachers during the week and the points for each class are recorded. After the inspections of the cleaned classrooms, each of them is graded and the overall best is given an award by the school administration at the end of the term. The Furniture subcommittee is important because effective learning cannot take place without desks for learners to sit on and write. The committee on furniture carries out regular inspections and all desks and teachers furniture that are not in good condition are taken for maintenance instead of waiting for them to breakdown completely. This avoids replacement costs which are high and reduces running costs. The teachers responsible ensure that learners are taught how to inspect the desks and remove those that need maintained. The school environment involves all class room surroundings, lawns and flowers. The teacher who is the chairperson of this committee has divided the entire school surrounding into zones that all allocated to different classes. The class teachers in turn supervise their classes and ensure that these areas are well maintained. Other school maintenance staff is involved where pupils cannot manage. Szuba and Young put it this way when talking about the school environment, â€Å"Students and staff thrive in an orderly, clean, and safe environment. † ((Szuba T R Young 2003: pp11) When it comes to production unit activities, all classes of pupils have been assigned a specific day of the week in which to perform their specified task. This may be any of the following, watering the school gardens, cleaning the poultry and dressing the chickens for sale. At the end of their assigned task, the preventive maintenance teacher will then do an inspection and offer some recommendations on whether the work has been done to his satisfaction. All the activities that are part of the school preventive maintenance must be planned and should be fully supported by management. â€Å"Effective maintenance plans reflect the vision and mission of the organization, include an accurate assessment of existing facilities, incorporate the perspectives of various stakeholder groups, and focus on preventive measures that ensure that capital investment is managed responsibly. (Szuba T R Young 2003: 7) Once the PMS plans are reflected in the school vision, it is very easy for all members to relate to them and carry out their roles. A work schedule for implementation of a PMS has been prepared which shows tasks to be carried out and times frequency. A sample of the preventive maintenance schedule is shown in figure 1. 0 for general cleaning and maintenance of school buildings and surroundings. In addition to this schedule, there must be an inspection schedule to for the Head teacher and the main PMS committee to carry out inspection. Figure 1. 0 – Schedule for General Cleaning, Classroom and environment.

Artificial Intelligence in Facebook for Psychology- myassignmenthelp

AI is the short form of Artificial intelligence. It is a process of giving the machine mostly computers the ability to almost reason like a human being (Cohen and Feigenbaum, 2014. 00). It is done through the use of codes in programming. One of the major languages known in this field is the Python programming language. AI has brought major boosts in the IT industry in the current world. There are very many applications using AI that are used on the websites and other social media Companies like Facebook. It uses human reasoning to respond to question which a person can’t even notice. AI has simplified a lot of things, and it is a great deal in the software development field. AI can be used in all fields, medicine, agriculture, technology and construction (Hutter et al. 2014. 80). The content, however, deals with AI being in the technology field most important in Facebook. Facebook is a multibillionaire company that has helped people in terms of communication and business. People all over the world can send messages to each other, and it takes seconds to send and receive. People have seen such a platform as an opportunity to improve their business in terms of marketing strategies. They are using it to sell and resell products and services. Some have earned a fortune from such a Company which has free registration. AI being introduced in such a Company can really help improve services to its customers and go on being the best social media platform in the World. There are various ways and fields in which AI can be implemented in Facebook. In such a platform, there is the need to have a support area where customers with needs can get their feedback within seconds. If there is something that people hate is a delay. An AI application are integrated into the platform, which will be replying messages and calls from the customers and give the immediate feedback. That’s is one of the major applications of the AI which can really boost such a company. In Facebook today, people log in through email, usernames and passwords. These methods are somehow not secure. The data in a person’s account should be protected because even the law states so. People can guess other people’s emails and passwords, get into peoples profile and take or see whatever they want. There is the AI application which is a face or eye recognition can be reinforced together with the speech recognition. The AI’s working together with the logins can make the platform more secure. There is an AI applications which is used to detect fraud. The information in the Facebook database for every user is important. Through the use of AI, if the application detects a login from a different locations, or any other suspicious thing, it can send an email or text to the original and known user to inform him/her. In case it was not the user doing such an action, there is a link to follow to increase the security of the account. When Artificial Intelligence is introduced and implemented in a Company like Facebook, there a lot of merits that can associate with such technology (Nilsson, 2014. 00). People using Facebook platform will always be served at a very fast rate without delay. AI are even faster compared to human beings, and still, they are developed using human reasoning. One AI applications can serve a great multitude of customers which is not the case to one support agent. Speed matters in social media platform. The platform will be user-friendly. One of the reasons why software’s and applications fail is that of user unfriendliness. If the platform if friendly, then the number of users increases. One of the important impacts of AI is security. All AI applications are highly secured. People need assurance that the accounts and data can never be available to another person at any given time. The speech recognition and the rest can make the Facebook platforms more secure compared to the use of p asswords.   There are a lot of advantages that come with AI application in such a Company (Russell and Norvig. 2016, 00). One, the number of customers served by the applications at a single time cannot be possible if one is using a support team. Their users will love the responses and time, and then more users will love the platform increasing the number of users which increases the profit margins. Facebook management will also not incur the cost of hiring thousands of employees to work as support teams hence reducing expenses. Facebook main problem is data security. That’s why people use their platform since they are assured their information is secured. AI helps in boosting the security level (Bond and Gasser, 2014. 00) There must be a demerit in everything since nothing is perfect. The applications can lead to unemployment, and sometimes they fail due to functionality error (Spiro, Bruce and Brewer. 2017, 00). In conclusion, AI in Facebook can act as a major boost for its growth. The Facebook platform can be secure and fast in service delivery. Unemployment can be a problem to the general public but an advantage to the management . Bond, A.H. and Gasser, L. eds., 2014.  Readings in distributed artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann. Cohen, P.R. and Feigenbaum, E.A. eds., 2014.  The handbook of artificial intelligence  (Vol. 3). Butterworth-Heinemann. Hutter, F., Xu, L., Hoos, H.H. and Leyton-Brown, K., 2014. Algorithm runtime prediction: Methods & evaluation.  Artificial Intelligence,  206, pp.79-111. Nilsson, N.J., 2014.  Principles of artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann. Russell, S.J. and Norvig, P., 2016.  Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Malaysia; Pearson Education Limited,. Spiro, R.J., Bruce, B.C. and Brewer, W.F. eds., 2017.  Theoretical issues in reading comprehension: Perspectives from cognitive psychology, linguistics, artificial intelligence and education  (Vol. 11). Routledge.

Man on the Moon Real or Hoax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Man on the Moon Real or Hoax - Essay Example However, along with this arose innumerous numbers of controversies regarding the legitimacy of the claim. Various theorists and scholars claimed that the entire plot was hoax, and a considerable proportion of people claimed that the whole chapter was genuine. On February 15, 2001, the FOX television network broadcasted the program named Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon? The program provided considerable amount of evidence to show that NASA cheated the world by faking moon landings. In We Never Went to the Moon: America’s Thirty Billion Dollar Swindle, Bill Kaysing pointed out that it is irrational to believe that the landing on moon actually took place because according to estimates in late 1950s, the possibility of successfully landing on the moon was just 0.0017%, that is, approximately 1 in 60,000; and in fact, this estimate was done by the Rocketdyne Company that took into account the efficacy of technology that existed at that point of time (7-8). Another serious allegation comes from Ralph Rene, the author of NASA Mooned America. He points out that all American missions before Apollo 11 were detected to have multiple numbers of defects. The scholar points out that the earlier projects had so many technical errors that would have forced American to drop the idea of moon landings and to fake it instead (as cited in Eisen, 378). Similar is the allegation that the poor quality of the images of moon landings is a deliberate effort to prevent others from examining them. Still, the photos available were sufficient to initiate controversy. For example, the pictures presented the astronaut saluting the American flag, and unfortunately, the flag was waving as if in a wind. The point in consideration here is the fact that there is no air or wind on the moon. Yet another major allegation came that when a camera was fitted to the astronaut’s chest, how would this be possible to take such excellent photographs that

The Third Sector and Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Third Sector and Public Policy - Essay Example 375). According to Kendall and Knapp (2000, p. 12), the term the Third Sector can also be defined as the range of institutions that occupy the space between the private sector and the government or State; they are neither private sector nor public sector. The third Sector includes registered charities, trusts, social co-operatives and enterprises, voluntary groups, and the local community among others. Even though the Third Sector organizations exist in varying dimensions and entities, there are three main characteristics that unite the Third Sector (Alcock, 2010, p. 7). The first characteristic is that these organizations are value- driven; that is, certain desires motivate them to achieve social, economic and political goals such as the environment well- being, public welfare improvement, and economic well- being. It is noteworthy that this characteristic rarely seeks to distribute profit but seeks to improve the overall welfare of the society. The second characteristic is that the se organizations usually reinvest any generated surpluses in order to facilitate the pursuit of their goals. That is why they are considered not- for profit organizations. The last main characteristic of these organizations is that they are independent from the government explaining why they are mostly referred as non- governmental organizations (Keane, 2001, p. 18-19). The Third Sector differs from the state and the market in a number of ways. Anheier, et al (2001, p. 24) note, their differences arise fundamentally from how Third Sector organizations are formed, their values, the scope of their activities, source of funding, and their objectives. To begin with, this essay will focus on what distinguishes the Third Sector from the State. The first distinction between the two entities is in regard to their range of provision; the state has a wide range of provisions while the Third Sector organizations have limited range of service provisions. For instance, whereas the state can offe r numerous public services, the Third Sector organizations can offer specific services such as social housing and personal social care. It should also be noted that in some cases, the services offered by the Third Sector organizations are usually outsourced to them by the state. The state seeks to provide more space to the Third Sector so as to increase the Sector’s capacity to provide services that were previously provided by the public sector (Kramer, 2000, p. 20). Towards this end, the Third Sector is seen to have potential in making contribution in the following areas; social and health care services, educational services, children services, and correctional services among others. The second distinguishing factor between the Third Sector and the state is the scale of funding. It is an undisputable fact that the state has far much funding for its services compared to the Third Sector. This can be attributed to the fact that the state collects revenues in form of taxes whic h is usually in large amounts which help it to fund its expenditure in regard to provision of services (Anheier et al, 2001, p. 13). This is totally different from the scale of funding that the Third Sector has; the Sector has small amount of financial resources to provide the required services. This problem is heightened by the fact that the Third Sector is not- for- profit organizations hence limiting their amount of revenues.

Information Systems Plan Essay Example for Free

Information Systems Plan Essay The basis of this system is to manage effectively the available resources involved in The Fitness Center namely the members, fitness consultants and the higher management of the company involved in strategic decisions. The first section details out the primary purpose to come up with an IT solution for the company and the advantages to the stakeholders of the company. It follows with the roles of the people involved in this project. The considerations regarding the systems investigation, analysis, design, implementation and maintenance is discussed in the later sections. The concluding section highlights the announcement of the new system rollout and the ultimate benefit to users. 1. Purpose: The Information system deployed here will help the company and its members in identifying their individual goal and contribute to the overall objective of the company to create a competitive edge over others in the similar business. It would departmentalize the enterprise with the concerned information system to track the movement of resources and get periodic reports to check systems functionality and organizations growth. Enveloping an information system, which happens to be quite a erode of time, effort and money, would put the company in the digital world to manage all its business processes, may how small or big it be, effectively creating a record of the activities and covering all the deficiencies of the manual system. 2. Roles of people involved: It envelopes the stakeholders of the system connected with the fitness company and also the customers who would be using the system for requesting services and provide feedbacks. The identification of the different users of the system is as follows: †¢ Members: The current and prospective members would use the system to feed in their personal data and reason as to which they have joined the Fitness center. The members may have various objectives while joining the center. Some are for simple fitness programs while others have different objective. The system would take care of all those and keep the latest details about performance and other measures such as future interests.

Night :: essays research papers

In 1944, in the village of Sighet, Romania, twelve-year-old Elie Wiesel spends much time and emotion on the Talmud and on Jewish mysticism. His instructor, Moshe the Beadle, returns from a near-death experience and warns that Nazi aggressors will soon threaten the serenity of their lives. However, even when anti-Semitic measures force the Sighet Jews into supervised ghettos, Elie's family remains calm and compliant. In spring, authorities begin shipping trainloads of Jews to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex. Elie's family is part of the final convoy. In a cattle car, eighty villagers can scarcely move and have to survive on minimal food and water. One of the deportees, Madame Schà ¤chter, becomes hysterical with visions of flames and furnaces. At midnight on the third day of their deportation, the group looks in horror at flames rising above huge ovens and gags at the stench of burning flesh. Guards wielding billy clubs force Elie's group through a selection of those fit to work and those who face a grim and improbable future. Elie and his father Chlomo lie about their ages and depart with other hardy men to Auschwitz, a concentration camp. Elie's mother and three sisters disappear into Birkenau, the death camp. After viewing infants being tossed in a burning pit, Elie rebels against God, who remains silent. Every day, Elie and Chiomo struggle to keep their health so they can remain in the work force. Sadistic guards and trustees exact capricious punishments. After three weeks, Elie and his father are forced to march to Buna, a factory in the Auschwitz complex, where they sort electrical parts in an electronics warehouse. The savagery reaches its height when the guards hang a childlike thirteen year old, who dies slowly before Elie's eyes. Despairing, Elie grows morose during Rosh Hashanah services. At the next selection, the doctor culls Chlomo from abler men. Chlomo, however, passes a second physical exam and is given another chance to live. Elie undergoes surgery on his foot. Because Russian liberation forces are moving ever closer to the Nazi camp, SS troops evacuate Buna in January 1945. The Wiesels and their fellow prisoners are forced to run through a snowy night in bitter cold over a forty-two mile route to Gleiwitz. Elie binds his bleeding foot in strips of blanket. Inmates who falter are shot. Elie prays for strength to save his father from death. At a makeshift barracks, survivors pile together.

Ansell Condoms Case Study Essay

Question 2: What are the pros and cons for Ansell acquiring a European competitor? In your opinion, is it a good idea? Pros Ansell will be able to get a greater share of the market in Europe. Acquiring a new company in Europe will help to build their portfolio. They should be able to increase their number of recognisable brands. Ansell will be able to acquire the new companies existing contracts and contacts. It will help to create a reduction of overcapacity in the industry. Increase sales/revenue. Cons It was mentioned that the companies that Ansell are thinking about taking over are in some financial difficulty at the moment so Ansell will have to take on that difficulty. There is an increased change of job cuts. It will be hard for Ansell so see all of the hidden liabilities the company may possess. Ansell will more than likely have to pay goodwill for the acquisition. Conclusion Overall in my opinion it would be a good idea for Ansell to try and acquire a European competitor because although there is some financial risk and it could be a difficult process I think that the pros that I mentioned above will outweigh the potential cons. Ansell will need to get a strategy in place to make sure that the takeover goes as smoothly as possible. Learning Points: * Condom market is extremely competitive This case study shows us that the condom market is extremely competitive with five main companies competing with each other and a large number of smaller companies continually trying to gain a greater market share. * Acquisition of European competitor good for Ansell It would be a good idea for Ansell to take over one of their smaller European competitors to try and increase their market share and increase their number of recognisable brands around the world.

Nacirema Case Paper

The Nacirema case study reminds us how cultural rituals were many years ago and how some of them are still existing today. The Nacirema tribe has many unconventional practices of how they live day to day. From the article â€Å"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema,† it is clear that they believe their bodies are not attractive and should not be presented in a promiscuous way. Professor Linton documented the North American Tribe who think their bodies as naturally disgusting. They perform daily magic rituals to their bodies to prevent it from being decayed or diseased in anyway. Some of the rituals use potions, charms and physical suffering. One ritual they focused on was the one that was concerning the mouth. The Nacirema tribe believed that there is a strong relationship between their mouth and their social life. If they did not perform the oral rituals, it was correlated to them losing their friends and families. They perform a daily â€Å"mouth-rite† which is done by â€Å"inserting a magic bundle of hog hairs into the mouth, along with certain magical powder, and then moving the bundle in a highly formalized series of gestures. † (Allard 20) This body ritual is performed daily by everyone in the Nacirema Tribe. If I was to relate this ritual to something similar in the American culture, I would relate to people brushing their teeth every morning. The bundle of hog hairs (pretty disgusting to put in your mouth) is the same as the American toothbrush. The magic powder is similar to the toothpaste and the action of moving it in a series of formalized gestures is the same as us moving our toothbrush around our mouth to brush our teeth (I’m pretty sure everyone has a routine of how they brush their teeth every morning – I know I do). Along with that, the people also visit the â€Å"mouth-men† voluntarily once or maybe twice a year for torturous mouth rituals. The â€Å"holy-mouth-man† enhances any existing holes in the person’s teeth by using crude tools and then continues to fill the holes with â€Å"magical materials. † These magical materials that are placed into the holes of the teeth are used to stop their teeth from decaying and to draw friends closer. What surprised me is that even if these people did not have any naturally occurring holes in their teeth, the â€Å"holy-mouth-man† would gauge out normal teeth to purposely make holes in the client’s mouth. He would then follow through to filling them with the â€Å"magic materials. Part of this ritual is similar to the American culture of visiting the dentist. It is recommended for people to visit the dentist at least once or twice a year. The idea of filling any holes in the teeth seems like they are talking about people having cavities in the teeth. In the American culture, dentists use ‘fillers’ which is similar to the â€Å"magic al material† used to fix the holes in the teeth. I am surprised that the â€Å"holy-mouth-man† would proceed to make a hole in a client’s teeth even if they are perfectly fine. I find that appalling and not similar to the American culture. I also find it to be strange that these people still visit the â€Å"holy-mouth-man† even though their teeth are not getting any better. They still continue to go through the suffering just to be accepted in the Nacirema Tribe. After reviewing the article by Horace Miner, it is apparent that people of the Nacirema Tribe seem to have a reason for everything they do regardless of whether it is right or wrong or makes sense or not. Some of those reasons make sense but the main one that concerns me is why they inflict pain and harm on one another in these forms of rituals when physical torture is not even required for them. A prime example would be the one I discussed earlier of making holes in teeth when their teeth are perfectly fine. There is no need to purposely cause pain to the client to make a hole in their teeth when it is not necessary. This kind of behavior is related to people who are associated with masochism and sadism. Masochism is derived from inflicting pain on one self and sadism is derived from inflicting pain on others. The people are going to the â€Å"mouth-men† to inflict pain on themselves even if they do not need to. What is interesting is that Nacirema is actually American spelled backwards. It brings attention to whether these types of rituals are all make-believe or fantasy with the terms used such as â€Å"magic. † These rituals would not be accepted in the American culture (in the horrendous way it is described) but it relates to diversity and the acceptance of everyone’s culture regardless of whether you will follow it or not per say. This article is a great example of people during barbaric things which might not be acceptable to one person but is the norm to another.

Management Change and Innovation

Management Change and Innovation Key issues in the case study There are a number of key issues that arise from the case of Nestle. One of the major issues that come up is the impact of mergers and acquisitions for large multinationals.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Management Change and Innovation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result of its growth Nestle chose to acquire more companies in order to make an impact in its global expansion especially in foreign markets. It struck big financial deals with companies like L’Oreal and Alcon Laboratories Inc and saw acquisition of the two companies. However, not all these big deals go well and in the case of Nestlà ©, L’Oreal was largely in debt and to some extent could have contributed to its financial woes. Another issue is the diversification of the market both in terms of products and market presence. These are seen as key factors in enhancing global expansion as well as pro fits. Nestle aimed at improving its finances through diversification as well as strategic acquisitions. It therefore made its presence in the U.S market through Alcon Laboratories Inc. It also diversified its products to include cosmetics through L’Oreal and pharmaceutical and ophthalmic products I addition to the original dairy products. This diversification could work for or against the company as it requires more resources on the part of the management. Organizational change is yet another key issue observed in this case. Nestle went through radical changes between the second world war to 1990’s all through to date.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These changes have come in many faces, for example in the outlook of the companies before 1980 and change in the management of the organization as well as the continuous restructuring. More issues on organizational change will be brought up in the topics discussed below. Importance of innovation in regard to organizational change is also a key issue. Innovation in terms of technology as well as new markets cannot be overlooked. For long-term continuance of the organization innovation should be consistent with the firm’s objective. New technology and new markets should not be exclusively left be the centre stage of organizational change and growth. Changes in Nestle Nestle went through both the first-order and the second-order changes. First order change is the continuous and incremental change which may call for modifications in processes, structures or even systems; however, does not go into changing the basic strategy, core values of the organization and corporate identity. It is basically meant to sustain organizational order and continuity. Second-order change on the other hand is drastic, transformational and with far reaching implications on the core of the organiz ation. It is aimed at changing the nature of the organization and not developing it. Nestle went through the second-order change in that it carried out activities that had an effect on the nature and strategy of the organization. Although the changes may not have been aimed at changing the nature of the organization entirely, it had far reaching implications. For example; a change in the strategy of global expansion and increase in financial gains saw nestle sail through several acquisitions.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Management Change and Innovation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These acquisitions also meant that nestle was no longer an organization that was based on dairy products. Acquisition of Alcon Laboratories Inc and the cosmetic producers L’Oreal made a move to include cosmetics, pharmaceutical and ophthalmic products as part of nestle. Acquisition as a strategy of growth can also be co nsidered as another example of second-order change. These changes effected before 1980 had far-reaching effects on Nestle and that is why they are considered as second-order change. Diversification or investment of Nestle into developing markets is another example of second-order change. Nestle diversified into developing markets not only to continue the organization but majorly increase the profits as well a change to include the organization into a cosmetic producer and supplier. This could also be traced back to when Nestle changed its strategy and started acquiring subsidiaries in foreign markets. Traditionally, Nestle used sales agents in countries that were outside its home market, but it later changed into having their presence in those foreign markets by acquiring some existing factories. Another example of second-order change evidenced in nestle is the transfer of several executive offices offshore to the U.S. this was instigated by the feeling of isolation in home offices, Switzerland and thus calling for the transfer. This move was aimed at increasing the efficiency of Nestle both in productivity and financial efficiency. The purchase of carnation in 1984 is also an example of second-order change after a number of failed acquisitions that left Nestle with many non-profitable and nonstrategic businesses. First-order change for Nestle is evidenced basically in the today’s Nestle in the period after 1990s. However, even before then Nestle sold most of its nonperforming and nonstrategic businesses.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was basically meant to keep the organization going forth despite the losses. Under the management of Brabeck-Letmathe is seen to be leaning more on the first-order change rather than second-order. This could be due to the past failures as a result of aggressive acquisition and needed for expansion. When the CEO insists on ensuring the longevity of the organization without necessarily dwelling on short-term profits then this is first order. The change according to him is also meant to be gradual and slow is evidence that nestle is going into first-order change. As a result, it has developed approaches like corporate growth and a â€Å"corporate culture† that will ensure that longevity and continuity. Incremental approach to change Incremental approach to change is arguably the most effective method of change. Brabeck-Letmathe has to some extend used incremental approach in implementing change. One of the ingredients used is identifying the strengths of the organization an d trying to come up with ways to improve. This does not only dwell in strengths but also in weaknesses, opportunities and threats and trying to work on them. Incremental approach to change is also focused and conscious. It ensures a slow injection of change and at the same time trying to maintain internal balancing. A focus on the long term goals of the organization without laying much effort on the short-term profit motives is one of the factors key to incremental approach to change. This ensures the continuity of the business without involving radical measures that could be more destructiveness to the organization. Brabeck-Letmathe has used two vital tools that steer this type of change. These are entrenching a corporate culture and mechanisms for corporate growth. This approach ensures that Nestle establishes strengths that are not easily swayed. This is made much better by the fact that the managers have been incorporated into that corporate culture. However, there are some aspe cts of Brabeck-Letmathe approach that do not concur with incremental approach to change. For instance the complete wipe out of the executives was too radical a move. However important it may be to have managers who are well entrenched in corporate culture, we cannot ignore the fact that there is a need to listen to people or employees before creating an organizational change. In addition, we cannot ignore the role of technology in incremental corporate approach. Brabeck-Letmathe appears reluctant in embracing technology which is instrumental to growth. Though he is right on not making it the central strategic pivot point of growth his reservations are uncalled for. Brabeck-Lameck does not value social preferencing as a key aspect of incremental approach. This could be a better approach in dealing with the change managers. He seems put and as already having structures that is necessary for change. Additionally, his measures are too qualitative to fit in incremental approach to change because; this approach majorly builds on measurable quantitative aspects that become its key limitation. Implications for change managers Change managers in Nestle should have acumen in coming with the approaches that can well meet the needs of nestle. One of the key issues in consideration is the need to ensure longevity and continued existence of Nestle regardless of short operating profits. Another challenge lies with the fact that Nestle is a multinational company that has over 80 factories in different countries. This calls for efficiency and increased productivity. This increased efficiency and productivity should ensure that it doesn’t use measures that are too radical that could plunge Nestle into another financial difficulty. Restructuring process is another possible source of implication for change managers. It is costly ($300 million yearly) and a slow process that requires a lot of patience. Nestle management may have reacted to the need to sustain the longevity of Nestle by identifying factors that threatened its efficiency. For instance dropping out all non-profitable acquisitions as well as concentrating efforts on one line of products, probably dairy products. Change managers should also focus on ensuring that all the 80 factories are productive to avoid a scenario where they are servicing unproductive outlets. Therefore monitoring and evaluation should be done using the yardsticks of long-term goals of the company. In the quest of bringing change and restructuring, they should be careful to avoid strategies that may eat into company’s growth in the long run, as in the case of prior acquisitions. A similar challenge could be easily brought up by overemphasis on technology at the expense of sustainable growth. It is also beneficial for the change managers to come up with restructuring strategies that are less costly Three examples of lessons from the front line of Nestle case and possible solutions Three issues come up from the fr ontline of this study case. One of the major issues is the numerous sub branches of Nestlà © and the impact of aggressive acquisitions and mergers to penetrate foreign markets. Another subject of discussion is the diversification of products as varied as chocolate, milk products, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. The third aspect is long-term performance or longevity of an organization Vis a Vis the short-term profit performance. Nestle just like many other big organizations used acquisition approach as a vehicle to global expansion and productivity. However, they did not consider the factors behind the deal or the financial position of the subsidiary company. This led to financial problems that saw its bad days kick in just like many other huge deals. Secondly, the need to diversify into many other foreign markets and with new products is likely to cause diseconomies in terms of management and finances. It is important for managers to weigh these implications and put structur es to deal with them before hand. Finally, many organizations and managers tend to overlook the long-term being and prefer high short term profits using very aggressive second-order approaches with great economic implications.